How Josephus really viewed Jesus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47182/rb.85.n3-4-2023364Keywords:
Josephus, Testimonium Flavianum, TF variants, Signs Prophets, Historical JesusAbstract
This paper aims to see how Josephus viewed Jesus, his comparative figures
and see if Jesus fits the categorization of a “Sign Prophet” evidenced in Josephus.
The category was established by earlier scholars such as Barnett. The inception
and purpose of the movements initiated by various sign prophets, will serve as
a matrix for the Jesus movement. According to Josephus Jesus gathered two groups
to himself before he got executed. As careless as Josephus was, he would have given
a reason for the crucifixion. This excised reason could have been a typical eschatological
sign such as other Sign Prophets promised. Jesus gathering a crowd
and leading them to Jerusalem ending in execution, was typical of these charismatic
prophets in this time period. This examination requires a careful reading of the
Testimonium Flavianum (TF), as well as a comparative reading with other Sign
Prophet passages.
References
Allen, D., “A Model Reconstruction of What Josephus would have realistically written about Jesus”, JGRChJ 18 (2022) 113-143.
–----, “A Proposal: Three Redactional Layer Model for the Testimonium Flavianum”, Revista Bíblica 85 (2023) 211-232.
Allison Jr., D., Constructing Jesus, Memory, Imagination, and History, Grand Rapids 2010.
Baras, Z., “The Testimonium Flavianum and the Martyrdom of James”, in L. H. Feldman – G. Hata (eds.) Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity, Detroit 1987.
Barker, Eric W., “The Eschatological Role of the Jerusalem Temple: Anthe Eschatological Role of the Jerusalem Temple: An Examination of
Jewish Writings Dating from 586 BCE to 70 CE”, Dissertations 13 (2014). Available online: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/13
Barnett, P. W., “The Jewish Sign Prophets – A.D. 40-70, Their Intentions and Origin”, NTS 27 (1988) 679-697.
Bermejo-Rubio, F., “(Why) Was Jesus the Galilean Crucified Alone? Solving a False Conundrum”, JSNT 36 (2013) 127-154.
–----, “La naturaleza del texto original del Testimonium Flavianum. Una crítica de la propuesta de John Meier”, Estudios Bíblicos 72 (2014c) 257-292.
–----, “Was the Hypothetical Vorlage of the Testimonium Flavianum a ‘Neutral’ Text? Challenging the Common Wisdom on Antiquitates Judaicae XVIII 63-64”, JSJ 45 (2014) 326-365.
Collins, J. J., “Millenarianism in Ancient Judaism”, in James Crossley And Alastair Lockhart (eds.) Critical Dictionary of Apocalyptic and
Millenarian Movements 15 (2021). Retrieved from: www.cdamm.org/articles/ancient-judaism.
Crossley, J. – Myles, R. J., Jesus: A Life in Class Conflict, Hampshire 2023.
Curran, J., “‘To Be or to Be Thought to Be’: The Testimonium Flavianum (again)”, Novum Testamentum 59 (2017) 71-94.
Eisler, R, The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist: According to Flavius Josephus’ recently rediscovered ‘Capture of Jerusalem’ and the other
Jewish and Christian sources, New York 1931.
Fredriksen, P., When Christians Were Jews, The First Generation, Yale 2018.
–----, From Jesus to Christ, The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus, Yale 22000.
Goldberg, G. J., “The Coincidences of the Emmaus Narrative of Luke and the Testimonium of Josephus”, Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 13 (1995) 59-77.
–----, “Josephus’s Paraphrase Style and the Testimonium Flavianum”, Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 20 (2021) 1-32.
Gray, R., Prophetic Figures in Late Second Temple Jewish Palestine, The Evidence from Josephus, Oxford 1993.
Harnack, A., Militia Christi, English Translation, Augsburg 1981.
Hengel, M., The Zealots, Investigation into the Jewish Freedom Movement in the Period from Herod I to 70 AD (translation by David Smith), Edinburgh 1989.
Horsley, R. A., “Popular Prophetic Movements at the Time of Jesus, their Principle Features and Social Origins”, JSNT 26 (1986), 3-27.
----–,”Messiah, Magi, and Model Imperial King”, in Christmas Unwrapped Consumerism, Christ, and Culture, Richard Horsley And James Tracy (eds.), Harrisburg 2001, 139-161
Horsley, R. A. – Hanson, J. S., Bandits, Prophets and Messiahs, Popular Movements in the time of Jesus, Claremont 1985.
Johnson, N. C., “Early Jewish Sign Prophets”, in J. Crossley – A. Lockhart (eds.) Critical Dictionary of Apocalyptic and Millenarian Movements
, December (2021). Retrieved from: https://www.cdamm.org/articles
Joseph Simon, J., Jesus and the Temple, The Crucifixion in its Jewish Context, Cambridge 2016.
Leeming, K., “The Slavonic Version of Josephus’s Jewish War”, in Chapman – Rodgers (eds.), A Companion to Josephus, Oxford 2016, 390-
Leeming, H. – Leeming, K. (eds.), The Slavonic Version of Josephus’s Jewish War, A Synoptic Comparison of the English Translation, in H.
Leeming – L. Osinkina, Arbeiten Zur Geschichte Des Antiken Judentums und des antigen Judentums und des Urchistentums 46, Boston 2003.
Levenson, D. B. – Martin, Th. R. “The Latin Translations of Josephus on Jesus, John the Baptist, and James: Critical Texts of the Latin Translation of the Antiquities and Rufinus’ Translation of Eusehius’ Ecclesiastical History Based on Manuscripts and Early Printed Editions”, Journal for the Study of Judaism 45 (2014) 1-79.
Levine, A.-J., The Misunderstood Jew, The Church and the Scandal of the Jewish Jesus, New York 2007.
Levine, A.-J. – Brettler, M. Z., The Bible with and Without Jesus, How Jews and Christians read the same stories differently, New York 2020.
Mason, S., Flavius Josephus: Judean War 2, translation and commentary, Vol. 1b, Boston 2008.
Meier, J., A Marginal Jew, Rethinking the Historical Jesus, The Roots of the Problem and the Person, vol. 1, New York 1991.
Murphy-O’Connor, J., Paul, A critical Life, Oxford 1996.
Nussbaum, J., “Das Testimonium Flavianum Ein klassisches Beispiel einer Echtheitsdiskussion”, Novum Testamentum 52 (2010) 72-82.
Oliver, I. W., “Are Luke and Acts Anti-Marcionite?”, in J. H. Ellens – I. W. Oliver, et all (eds.), Wisdom poured out like water: studies on Jewish
and Christian antiquity in honor of Gabriele Boccaccini, series: Deuterocanonical and cognate literature studies 38, Boston 2018, 499-525.
Olson, K., “A Eusebian Reading of the Testimonium Flavianum”, in A. Johnson And J. Schott (eds.), Eusebius of Caesarea Tradition and
Innovations, Center for Hellenic Studies, Washington D.C. 2013, 97-114.
Paget, J., “Some Observations on Josephus and Christianity”, Journal of Theological Studies, 52 (2001) 539-624.
Pollard, R., “The De Excidio of “Hegesippus” and the Reception of Josephus in the Early Middle Ages”, Viator 46 (2015) 65-100.
Rowland, Ch., Christian Origins, An Account of the Setting and Character of the most Important Messianic Sect of Judaism, London 22002.
Sanders, E. P., Jesus and Judaism, Philadelphia 1985.
----–, Judaism: Practice and Belief 63 BCE-66 CE, London 1992.
–----, The Historical Figure of Jesus, London 1993.
Schäfer, P., Jesus in the Talmud, Princeton, NJ 2007.
Steinsaltz, R. A., Koren Talmud Bavli (The Noé Edition), Jerusalem 1965, 2019, Ketubot 111a.
Theissen, M., Jesus and the Forces of Death, The Gospels’ portrayal of Ritual Impurity in first-century Judaism, Grand Rapids 2020.
Townsend, J. T., Midrash Tanhuma Appendix to Devarim, Siman 3 on Song of Songs 2:7, S. Buber Recension, 1989. Available online: https://www.sefaria.org/Song_of_Songs.2.7?lang=bi&p2=Midrash_Tanchuma_Buber%2C_Appendix_to_Devarim.3.1&lang2=bi
Whealey, A., “Josephus, Eusebius of Caesarea, and the Testimonium Flavianum”, in Christoph BÖttrich And Jens Herzer (eds.), Josephus
und das Neue Testament, Tübingen 2007.
----–, “The Testimonium Flavianum in Syriac and Arabic”, NTS 54 (2008) 573-590.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 Revista Bíblica
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.